BIODIVERSITY IN SANGAM LITERATURE

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;Yaphpak;

(Bio diversity in Sangam Literature)

Kidth; f. yjh>

cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;>

jkpo; cauha;T ikak;>

ghj;jpkhf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu.

         ,iwtd; gilj;j cyfk; kdpjDf;fhdJ kl;Lky;y@ gpw caph;fSf;Fk; jhd;.  capUs;stw;Wf;F kl;Lkpd;wp ,y;yhjtw;Wf;Fk;jhd;.  gy;Yaph;fs; tho;tjd; nghUl;L cz;lhdNj ,t;Tyfk;. vdpDk; kdpjh;fSf;Nf chpa ‘vdJ’ vd;Dk; chpikf; Fzk; fhuzkhfg; gy tpjq;fspy; khRw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ cyF.  xd;iwj;jpd;W xd;W thOk; caph;fs; epiwe;j ,t;Tyf caph;fs; mit thOk; epyj;jpw;Nfw;gj; jq;fisj; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.  ,jidg; gy;Yaphpak; (Biodiversity) vd;gh; mwptpayhh;.  (Bio diversity is the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or) in the world as a whole.) ,g;gy;Yaphpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bidr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpj;jphpf;Fk; tpjj;jpid ,f;fl;Liu Ma;fpwJ.

           fhw;W> ePh;> epyk;> ,aw;if Mjhuq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;fpdq;fs;> kf;fs; Mfpa xt;nthU xOq;fikg;Gk; jdpj;Jk;> xd;NwhL xd;W gu];guk; njhlh;G nfhz;Lk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.  cyfpy; kdpjDk; Xh; caphpNa.  mtDk; jhd; thOk; fhyk;> ,lk;> #oYf;Nfw;wthW jd;idj; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. “xU gFjpapy;> mt;tplj;jpy; thof;$ba kf;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd mstpw;Nfh Njitf;F mjpfkhfNth fpilf;ff;$ba tifapy; mg;gFjpf;Nf chpadthf ,aw;if tsq;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;.  mjd; jl;gntg;gepiy> fly; kl;lk; Vida epytpaw; $Wfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;g kf;fs; jq;fisj; jftikj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs; vd;ghh; n`h;f;Nfhtpl;];” (M. jdQ;nrad;> rq;f ,yf;fpaKk; gz;ghl;Lr; #oypaYk;> g. 140) rhd;whf> nea;jy; epy kf;fs; jq;fs; thoplj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW mikg;gijf; fhl;lyhk;.

           “Ntok; epiwj;J> ntz;NfhL tpiu,

          jhio Kbj;J> jUg;ig Nta;e;j

          Fwpapiwf; Fuk;ig gwpAil Kd;wpy;

          nfhLq;fhw; Gd;idf; NfhLJkpj;J ,aw;wpa

          igq;fha; J}q;Fk; gha; kzw; ge;jh;

          ……………………………………………

          nfhL Kb tiyQh; Fb” (ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> 263 – 274)

‘Ntof;Nfhy;> ntz;NfhL> jhioehh;> jUg;igg;Gy; Nghd;w ,aw;ifahjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L Ntag;gl;l jho;thd ,wg;igAila gujthpd; Fby;’ vd tpsf;fk; nfhz;likAk; ,g;ghlw;gFjp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tiyQhpd; FbapUg;igf; Fwpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.  ,jw;Fs; kdpjd; ,aw;if jUk; tsq;fisj; jdf;Nfw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhd;> ,aw;ifia mg;gbNa mtd; ,Uf;f tpLtjpy;iy> Kbe;jhy; mjid mopf;fTk; (exploitation) KaYfpwhd; vDk; ,d;ndhU nra;jpiaAk; cl;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.  ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; gy;Yaphpaj;Js; jhDk; xUtd; vd;Dk; vz;zj;ij kdpjd; kwe;jNj.

           Mdhy; tpyq;fpdq;fSk;> Gs;spdq;fSk; kPdpdq;fSk; ,aw;ifNahL ,aw;ifahfNt tho;e;jd vDk; nra;jpiaf; FWe;njhifg; ghly; xd;W rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.

           “nrt;tp nfhs; tufpd; nrQ;Rtw; fypj;j

          nfsit ehw;wpd; fhhpU Nshhpiy

          et;tpehz; kwpft;tpf; fld; fopf;Fk;” (FWe;njhif 282)

Ky;iy epyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khd;kwp mq;F tpise;Js;s tskhd tufpidf; fth;e;Jz;z Kad;wJ vDk; nghUspy; mikAk; ,g;ghly; fhl;Lg;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;> tuF Nghd;w gaphpdq;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpiaj; jUfpwJ.

           ,d;W vq;F Nehf;fpDk; fhd;fphPl; fl;blq;fs; fz;zpy; vjph;g;gLfpd;wd.  fz;Zf;fpdpik jUk; gRik cyfKOtjpYk; Fiwe;J tUtjhNy G+kpf;Nfhsk; ntg;gkile;J tUfpwJ vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;j cz;ik.  ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;j Kd;Ndhh; fhyk; vt;thwpUe;jJ vd;gjid xU rq;fg;ghly; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.

           “fodp khj;J tpise;JU jPk;gok;

          god this fJ}ck; Ch;” (FWe;. : 8)

ePh; epiwe;j tay;> ngha;ifapy; Js;Sk; thiskPd;> ngha;ifia mLj;j khkuq;fs;> khkuq;fspypUe;J Kjph;e;J ngha;ifapy; cjpUk; goq;fs;> mg;goq;fisj; Js;sp te;J ft;tpr; nry;Yk; this kPd;fs; vd kUjepy tsj;ijf; fz; Kd; epWj;Jfpwhh; Myq;Fb tq;fdhh;.       ,g;ghly; cs;nshd;Wk; itj;Jg; Gwnkhd;W NgRtjw;fhfg; ghlg;gl;lnjdpDk; $l ,aw;ifapy; caphpdq;fs; vt;thW xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;J tho;fpd;wd vd;gijr; Rl;br; nry;fpwJ.

           ,J NghyNt xU rpW FUtpapd; nray;ghLfisf; fhl;LfpwJ kw;nwhU ghly;.  Mk;gy; G+tpd; thba ,jo;fs; Nghd;w ,wFfisf; nfhz;l kidAiw FUtp> tPl;L Kw;wj;Nj cyh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; jhdpaq;fis cz;fpwJ> vUtpd; Ez;zpa nghbiaf; File;J tpisahLfpwJ> kPz;Lk; jd; FQ;RfSld; $l;bDs; ciwfpwJ vdg; gwitapdq;fSs; xd;whd FUtpapd; nray;ghl;bidf; $WfpwJ.

           “Mk;gw;G+tpd; rhk;gyd;d

          $k;gpa rpwfh; kidAiw FhP,

          Kd;wp Yzq;fd; khe;jp kd;wj;

          njUtpDz; lhJ Filtd thb

          ,y;ypiw gs;spj;jk; gps;isnahL tjpAk;” (FWe;. 46)

vd;w ,g;ghlw; fhl;rpia ,d;W fhz;gJ mhpJ.  mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; je;j Kd;Ndw;wq;fshy; gy gwitapdq;fs; mope;JtUfpd;w cz;ik fz;Kd;Nd ntspr;rkpLfpwJ.  ntWikiaj; jUfpwJ.  Ch;f;FUtpapd; nray;ghl;ilAk; xU FWe;njhifg; ghly; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ fPo;f;fhZk; tpjkhf.

           “cs;Sh;f; FhP,j; Js;Seilr; Nrty;

          #d;Kjph; Gilf; fPdp ypio,ah;

          Njk;nghjpf; nfhz;l jPq;fiof; fUk;gpd;

          ehwh ntz;G+f; nfhOJk;.” (FWe;. : 85)

fUTw;wpUf;Fk; jd; ngl;ilf; FUtpf;Ff; $Lfl;Lk; Nrty; FUtp> fUk;gpd; ntz;G+itf; Nfhjpf; nfhz;L te;J $l;bDs; nkj;njd ,LfpwJ. ,t;thW  gy;NtWtpjkhd gwitapdq;fisg; ghbr; nry;Yk; rq;fg;Gyth;fs; kidAiw Nfhop Fwpj;Jk; ghbAs;sdh;.

           “kidAiwf; Nfhopf; FWq;fhw; Ngil

          Ntyp ntUfpd khiy Aw;nwdg;

          GFkpldwpahJ njhFGld; FoP,a

          igjw;gps;isf; fpisgaph;e; jhmq;F” (FWe;. : 139)

kUjepyf; fhl;rpahf mikAk; ,g;ghlypy;> NtypNahuk; jd; FQ;RfSld; NkAk; tPl;Lf;Nfhop fhl;Lg;G+idapd; tUifapdhy; jd; FQ;Rfisf; $tpaiof;fpwJ.  ,t;thwhf> ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;Yaphpak;. Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd.  gRkhLfspd; nray;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk; ghly; xd;W>

           “Gyk;gap uUe;j tz;z Nyw;nwhL

          epye;J}q; fzy tPq;FKiyr; nrUj;jy;

          ghy; thh;G Fotp As;sp epiuapwe;

          J}h;tapw; ngaUk; ………………” (FWe;. : 344)

vd mike;Js;sJ.  fhis> gR> fd;W vd xt;nthU caphpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nry;fpwJ ,g;ghly;.  jiyikj; jd;ik tha;e;j fhis> epyj;ijj; njhLk;> miyfpd;w jhbiaf; nfhz;l kb gUj;j gRf;fs;> mtw;why; epidf;fg;gLk; fd;Wfs; vd ,g;ghly; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.  fwitapdq;fSs; gRtpd; ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;l rq;f ,yf;fpak; vUik Fwpj;Jk; ghbAs;sJ.

           “,UkUg; ngUik aPd;wzpf; fhuhd;

          cotd; ahj;j Fotpap dfyhJ

          ghmw; igk;gap uhU %h;” (FWe;. : 181)

fhpa ngUq;nfhk;Gfisf; nfhz;l <d;wzpikAila ngz; vUik> cotdhy; gpzpf;fg;gl;l jd; vUikf; fd;wpid tpl;lfyhJ> mUfpYs;s grpa gaph;fis Nka;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.  ,it Nghd;w ghly;fs; %yk; cyfk; gy;Yaph;j; njhFjpahy; epuk;gpaJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

           NkYk; gy;Yaphpfshy; epuk;gpa ,g;G+Tyfpy; typaitNa thOk; vDk; fUj;ijAk; rpy ghly;fs; Rl;br; nry;fpd;wd.

           “FUFnfhsf; Fspj;j nfz;il aay

          JUnfO jhkiu thd;Kif nt&ck;

          fodpak; glg;igf; fhQ;rp” (FWe;. : 127)

,g;ghly; top FUfplkpUe;J jg;gpj;j nfz;il kPd;> kPz;Lk; jhkiu nkhl;bidf; fz;L mQ;Rk; tay;epiw gFjpfs;> kpFe;j fhQ;rpkuq;fs; vd kUjepyk; tsk; kpFe;J gytpj caphpfs; thOk; tifapy; nropj;Njhq;fpapUe;jij czuKbfpwJ.

           m/wpiz caphpfspYk; nrb> nfhb jhtuq;fs; mit Njhd;wpa epyj;Jf;Fj; jf;fthW mike;j tpjj;ijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sd.

           “ghril epte;j fizf;fhy; nea;jy;

          ,dkP dpUq;fop Nahj ky;FnjhWk;

          fa%o;F kfsph; fz;zpd; khDk;” (FWe;. 9)

grpa ,iyfSf;F NkNy> jpuz;l fhk;gpidf; nfhz;l nea;jy; G+> kPd; $l;lq;fs; epiwe;j fUq;fopapy; nts;sk; kpFk; Nghnjy;yhk; Fsj;jpy; %o;fpnaOk; ngz;fspd; fz;fisnahj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ vDk; fhl;rp ,d;W ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kl;LNk fhzKbfpwJ.  cz;Zk; mhprp ney;ypUe;J fpilf;Fk;.  mJ nrbah> kukh vd mwpahJ kaq;Fk; ,d;iwa jiyKiwf;F ,g;ghly; fhl;rp fw;gidf; fhl;rpahf kl;LNk ,dp ,Uf;fKbAk;.  kw;nwhU nea;jw;ghly;> NtWtpjkhd caphpfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.  rpwpa tise;j Kl;fisf; nfhz;l Ks;spr;nrb.  ,r;nrbapd; Kl;fs; mzpw;gps;isapd; gy;Nghy; rpwpjha;> $h;ikaha;f; fhzg;gLk;.  ,jd; fUk;G+f;fs; rpjwp E}yWe;j Kj;Jf;fsha;f; fhl;rpaspj;jd vd;gij>

           “$d;Ks; Kz;lff; $h;k;gdp khkyh;

          E}yW Kj;jpd; fhnyhL ghwpj;

          Jiw njhWk; guf;Fk;” (FWe;. : 51)

vd;w ghlybfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.  ,g;ghly; nea;jy; epyf;fhl;rpia cs;sgbNa rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.  Gytdpd; Ez;ghh;itia> xg;GNehf;Fk; jpwj;ij> uridia ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.  vdpDk; mg;Gyth; mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh nea;jy; epyj;J thOk; gy;tpj caphpfis mjd; nray;ghLfis ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjkhf mike;jpUg;gJ ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;J tho;Nthh; nra;j ngUk;NgW> nkhopthapyhf> G+kpapy; tho;e;j> thOk; caphpdq;fis> gaphpdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; gjpTfshf ,Ug;git ,yf;fpaq;fNs.

           kdpjdpd; Nguhir fhuzkhf> tapw;Wf;F cztPe;j tpisepyq;fs; ,d;W tpiy epyq;fshapd@ kiyfSk; kdpjd; fz;zpypUe;J jg;gtpy;iy> mq;Fk; ,aw;iff; fdpk tsq;fs; tpiyNghfpd;wd.  fhLfis mopj;J ehlhf;fp> Cuhf;fp> ,d;W fhLfspy; trpj;j tpyq;fpdq;fs; gwitapdq;fs; Nghd;wit ,Ug;gjw;Fk; ,lkpd;wpg; Nghf;fplk; mw;Wg; Nghapd.  fhLfodpfis mopf;f mopf;fg; gRik Fiwe;jJ@ ntg;gk; ngUfpaJ.  gzg;gaph;fSf;F Mirg;gl;L kiyia kdpjd; Mf;fpukpf;f tpyq;Ffs; kdpjh;fisj; Jd;GWj;jj; njhlq;fpd.  njhopw;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wpa gy;NtW njhopw;rhiyfs; ntspNaw;Wk; Gif> fopTfs; kz;izAk;> flypidAk;> Mfhaj;ijAk;> fhw;iwAk; khRgLj;jpd.  kPz;Lk; kuq;fs; jsph;f;fhj tifapy; kz; khRw;wJ.  kl;fpg; Nghfhj Gjpjhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspd; tpisT kz;zpd; mopT. gy;NtW njhlh;G rhjdq;fSf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;l kpd; NfhGuq;fspd; cah;r;rp rpl;Lf; FUtpfs; tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tPo;r;rpahfptpl;lJ.  fl;Lg;ghbd;wp thfdg;Gif> njhopw;rhiyg;Gif vd midj;J tifahd GifAk; Nehiaj;je;J> XNrhd; tiuapYk; Xl;ilahapw;W.  epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W Mfhak; vd vijAk; tpl;L itf;fhJ midj;ijAk; khRgLj;jp kdpjd; rhjpf;fg;NghtJ vd;d vd;gNj ,d;iwa kpfg;nghpa Nfs;tp.

           “vd; ghl;ld;

          kz;izj; Njhz;l

          Gijay; fpilj;jJ

          vd; je;ij

          kz;izj; Njhz;b

          tpisr;ry; ghh;j;jhh;.

          ehd; kz;izj; Njhz;l

          kdpj vYk;Gfs; fpilj;jd

          vd; kfd; kz;izj;

          Njhz;Lfpwhd;…..

          fz;zpntbfs;

          fpilf;fpd;wd.”

vd;W Ntjidg;gLk; ftpQdpd; Gyk;gy; Nghy caph; jhq;fp epw;Fk; midj;J caphpfisAk; mopj;J kdpjDf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; <uj;ij kwe;J> kWj;J kdpjid tijf;Fk; fhykhfpg; NghdJ ,d;iwa mwptpay; Afk;.

           fhyq;fs; khwkhwf; Nfhyq;fs; khWk; vd;gJ cWjp. Mdhy; mJ myq;Nfhykhdhy; midj;Japh;fSf;Fk; ,Wjp vd;gJk; cz;ikNa. Kd;G Rl;ba rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs;> kPd;> ehiu> Ch;f;FUtp> gR> fd;W> vUik> khd;>  Ks;spr;nrb> fUk;G> fhQ;rp kuk;> nea;jy; G+> Mk;gy; G+ vd vj;jid vj;jidNah tpjkhd caphpdq;fisg; gaphpdq;fisr; rpj;jphpj;jd.  mf;fhl;rpfs; kPz;Lk; ,d;iwa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpspu Ntz;Lk;.  G+idf;F ahh; kzp fl;LtJ vZk; kdg;ghd;ik ePq;f Ntz;Lk;.  ‘tug;Gau ePh; caUk;’ vd;W xsit ghbaJ Nghy kdpjh;fs; ,t;Tyfk; kPz;Lk; gRikAw;Wj; jiof;f Kjyb vLj;J itj;J Kd;tuNtz;Lk;.  jdpkuk; xUNghJk; Njhg;ghfhJ.  rpWrpW JspfNs ngUnts;skhFk;.  fd;Wfs; eLtjpypUe;J> kioePiur; Nrkpg;gjpypUe;J> khRf;fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; filg;gpbg;gjpypUe;J kdpjh; xt;nthUtUk; caphpfs; kPJ Neak; nfhz;L Kjyb vOj;J itj;jhy; ek; cs;sq;ifapy; G+kpia gRikg;G+ Nfhskhfj; jhq;fyhk;.

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